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Naturalistic pantheism
Naturalistic pantheism is a phrase referring to a kind of pantheism, and has been used in various ways. It has been used to identify God or divinity with concrete things,〔Ethical and Religious Thought in Analytic Philosophy of Language by Professor Quentin Smith (American philosopher), 1998, Yale University Press, p. 226〕 determinism,〔Paul Tillich: Theologian of the Boundaries by Paul Tillich (theologian/philosopher), Mark K. Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Collins, 1987, p. 165〕 or the substance of the Universe.〔Panentheism--The Other God of the Philosophers, John W. Cooper, Baker Academic, 2006, p. 39〕 God, from these perspectives, is seen as the aggregate of all unified natural phenomena.〔Lectures on Divine Humanity by Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov, Lindisfarne Press, 1995, p. 79〕 The phrase has often been associated with the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza,〔The history of European philosophy: an introductory book By Walter Taylor Marvin, Macmillan Company, 1917, p. 325
:“Naturalistic pantheism had already made its appearance in the sixteenth century and most notably in the writings of Giordano Bruno; but its most famous teacher was the seventeenth century philosopher Benedict Spinoza.”〕 although academics differ on how it is used.
==Component definitions==
The term “pantheism" is derived from Greek words ''pan'' (Greek: πᾶν) meaning "all" and ''theos'' (θεός) meaning God. It was coined by Joseph Raphson in his work ''De spatio reali'', published in 1697. The term was introduced to English by Irish writer John Toland in his 1705 work ''Socinianism Truly Stated, by a pantheist'' that described pantheism as the "opinion of those who believe in no other eternal being but the universe."
The term "naturalistic" derives from the word "naturalism", which has several meanings in philosophy and aesthetics.〔A Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. T. Mautner, Blackwell, 1996〕 In philosophy the term frequently denotes the view that everything belongs to the world of nature and can be studied with the methods appropriate for studying that world, ''i.e.'' the sciences.〔Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed. Ted Honderich, Oxford University Press, 1995〕 It generally implies an absence of belief in supernatural beings.〔
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